Biting Flies

Biting Fly Images All images © Steven Mihok 1999 - 2009 All rights reserved Examples of tsetse and other biting fly technical photographs at low resolution are provided here for educational use (400 x 300 pixels). Permission is hereby granted for non-profit use, so long as the author is acknowledged. Considerable related material is also available, including an extensive collection of photographs of African wildlife. To obtain high-resolution images for commercial use contact: smihok@rogers.com
Tsetse from Africa
**Glossina fuscipes The main vector of human sleeping sickness**	Glossina pallidipes A key vector of nagana in East Africa
Adult male, laboratory colony IAEA strain, origin Central African Republic JPEG 19k	Wild adult female Shimba Hills, Kenya JPEG 19k
Glossina morsitans centralis A key vector of nagana in central Africa	Glossina longipennis A tsetse of dry savannah in East Africa
Adult male, laboratory colony Former ILRAD strain, origin Tanzania JPEG 24k	Wild adult male Nguruman, Kenya JPEG 28k
Glossina morsitans morstians A key vector of nagana in southern Africa
Tsetse just after feeding on blood Former TRL strain, origin Zimbabwe JPEG 41k
Dissection of tsetse fly abdomen to detect procyclic trypanosomes JPEG 23k	Trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes in a tsetse proboscis (labrum) JPEG 40k
Bloodstream trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei in a white rhinoceros JPEG 22k	The trypanosome species causing human sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) consists of several genetic types that produce different disease syndromes in a wide range of hosts. Infection with some T. brucei strains can cause death in domestic animals (e.g. horses, dogs), but infections are typically tolerated by wild species. An important exception is trypanosomiasis in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The parasites on the left are from a sick rhino moved to an area in the Maasai Mara, Kenya with high tsetse populations. Ten healthy rhinos were moved to this location from South Africa in 1994. By 2002, seven of them had died, most likely from chronic T. brucei infections. A second group of ten rhino moved to Nakuru National Park (an area without tsetse) thrived and established a viable population. Trypanosomes in White Rhino Lake Nakuru Rhino News

Photos Published in Academic Texts

Freeman, S. (2011) Biological Science with Mastering Biology. Pearson Education / Benjamin Cummings, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1320 pp.

Bauman, R. W. (2011) Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy. Pearson Education / Benjamin Cummings, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 896 pp.

Bauman, R. W. (2010) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System with The Microbiology Place Website. Pearson Education / Benjamin Cummings, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 928 pp.

UKCDS (2010) Science and Innovation for Development. Edited by: G. Conway, J. Waage & S. Delaney. UK Collaborative on Development Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK. [free download]

Strickman, D., Frances, S. P., & Debboun, M. (2009) Prevention of Bug Bites, Stings, and Disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 352 pp.

Chivian, E., & Bernstein, A. (2008) Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 568 pp..

Leak, S. G. A., Ejigu, D., & Vreysen, M. J. B. (2008) Collection of entomological baseline data for tsetse area-wide integrated pest management programmes. FAO Animal Health and Production Guidelines No. 1, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 205 pp. [free download]

Desquesnes, M. (2004) Livestock trypanosomoses and their vectors in Latin America. Office internationale des Epizooties, Paris, France, 174 pp.

Sherman, D. M. (2002) Tending Animals in the Global Village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 495 pp.

Canadian Tabanidae - MANY images available
*Hybomitra lasiopthalma* - MALES There are very few high-quality photos of male tabanids, but these can be obtained by capturing flies on sticky panels set on the ground at certain times. When photos are taken of live specimens, eye colours and other details are striking.
*Tabanus similis -* Images of many species of female tabanids are available on request, or can be arranged for at appropriate times of the year (see Russell for a list of species in my home area).	Click for larger Image
Reproduced in colour on the cover of the Bulletin of Entomological Research 2006, Volume 96, Issue 4

African Biting Flies - Click on thumbnails for 300 x 200 pixel images
African Stomoxyinae	Stable flies
	Stomoxys niger bilineatus Female, Nairobi, Kenya A common species in East Africa in savannah areas with abundant wildlife. It overlaps extensively with the other subspecies S. niger niger, which is more often associated with livestock. Reproduced in black and white on the cover of the Bulletin of Entomological Research 2002, Volume 92, Issue 5
*Haematobia*	H. irritans, H. spingera
*Haematobosca*	H. aurata, hirtifrons, latifrons, squalida
*Prostomoxys*	P. saegerae
*Rhinomusca* R. dutoiti	Female Nairobi, Kenya 9 mm
*Stomoxys* S. calcitrans	Female Nairobi, Kenya 7 mm
S. niger bilineatus	Female Nairobi, Kenya 8 mm
S. niger niger	Female Nairobi, Kenya 7 mm
S. boueti, inornatus, pallidus, taeniatus, taeniatus f. brunnipes, transvittatus, varipes
*Stygeromyia*	S. maculosa, sanguinaria

African Tabanidae	Horse Flies, Deer Flies, Clegs, etc.
	Tabanus taeniola Male, Nguruman, Kenya A common species throughout Africa. Note that males are rarely captured in traps. Males are easily identified through their large eyes (touching in the middle of the "face").
*Ancala* A. africana	Females Quelimane, Mozambique 18 mm
A. fasciata
*Atylotus* A. agrestis	Female Nguruman, Kenya 12 mm
A. fuscipes	Female Quelimane, Mozambique 12 mm
*Chrysops*	C. brucei, longicornis
*Euancala*	E. maculatissima
*Haematopota*	H. brunnipes, hirta, vulnerans
*Neavella*	N. producticornis
*Philoliche* P. elongata	Females Nguruman, Kenya 22 mm
P. acutilpalpis, distincta, makueni, sagitarria, zonata
Tabanus	T. atrimanus, biguttatus, coniformis, conspicuous, fraternus, gratus, impurus, insignis, leucostomus, par, secedens, taeniola, thoracinus

Glossinidae	Tsetse Flies
	Glossina fuscipes Mating pair from laboratory colony Close-up photos of individual flies and/or composite images at various angles are available for many tsetse species. Enquiries to smihok@rogers.com